xii

Contents

12.4

Use of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Agri-Food

Waste

178

12.5

Biosorption Potential of Microbes and Agri-Food Waste

179

12.6

Modification, Parameter Optimization, and Recovery

180

12.6.1

Modification

181

12.6.2

Parameters

182

12.6.3

Recovery

182

12.7

Immobilization of Biosorbent

182

12.8

Conclusions

183

References

185

13

Biosorption of Heavy Metals and Metal-Complexed Dyes

Under the Influence of Various Physicochemical

Parameters

189

Allwin Ebinesar Jacob Samuel Sehar, Veena S. More, Amrutha Gudibanda

Ramesh, and Sunil S. More

13.1

Introduction

189

13.2

Mechanisms Involved in Biosorption of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions and

Dyes

191

13.3

Chemistry of Heavy Metals in Water

191

13.4

Chemistry of Metal-Complexed Dyes

192

13.5

Microbial Species Used for the Removal of Metals and Metal-Complexed

Dyes

192

13.5.1

Biosorption of Zinc Using Bacteria

192

13.5.2

Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Algae

193

13.5.3

Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals by Fungi

194

13.5.4

Biosorption of Heavy Metals Using Yeast

194

13.6

Industrial Application on the Biosorption of Heavy Metals

195

13.6.1

Biosorption of Heavy Metals Using Fluidized Bed Reactor

195

13.6.2

Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Using Packed Bed Reactors

197

13.7

Biosorption of Reactive Dyes

198

13.8

Metal-Complexed Dyes

199

13.9

Biosorption of Metal-Complexed Dyes

200

13.10

Conclusion

203

References

203

14

Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic and Other

Secondary Solid Waste by Bioleaching Approach

207

Dayanand Peter, Leonard Shruti Arputha Sakayaraj, and Thottiam

Vasudevan Ranganathan

14.1

Introduction

207

14.2

What Is Bioleaching?

208

14.2.1

Mechanism of Bioleaching

208

14.2.2

Industrial Processes of Bioleaching

209

14.2.3

Factors Affecting Bioleaching

209